The truman show response Essays - Articles, Philosophy,

In the film The Truman Show, the primary character Truman is carrying on with a real existence where the entirety of his encounters are recreated. Truman un intentionally lives on a TV set where everything is set up, yet he accepts that he lives in reality . This looks like what the detainees experienced in The Myth of the Cave , when they were stuck in chains and could just observe the shadows on the divider . Truman' s the truth is arranged for him by the chiefs of the show , j ust like how the detainee's existence is made up by the individuals making the shadows. Both Truman and the detainees are given a reality, and they have no explanation not to put stock in this showy world. They are tricked into accepting things that are false. The detainees recognized shadows with things that they are most certainly not. Likewise, everything in Truman's life was made up, for example, his activity, where he lived, his companions, his family, and his connections . The individuals portraying th ese bogus real factors have the ability to modify the psyche of the individuals they are tricking. The storytellers can cause them to put stock in anything they desire them to , permitting the storytellers to make a whole exchange reality. One nature of the perfect state is the possibility of shrewdness. Being astute requires information on self-restraint by utilizing reason. The astute individuals in the perfect state are dwarfed, yet they normally judicious, so they are the governors. This is like how man's spirit is managed by astuteness and reason. The subsequent quality is Courage. To be gutsy one must have the option to continue on through intense and frightful circumstances. Likewise, one must withstand the preparation and follow the instructing made by the law. The third nature of Plato's optimal state is restraint. Plato starts by depicting moderation as a feeling of control that man has over the guilty pleasures throughout everyday life. An individual oversees their own spirit, and it is exclusively dependent upon that individual to settle on the correct choices. An individual's spirit works like the perfect state, the two of them are liable for driving themselves through great and awful. Aristotle perceives four causes, material reason, Formal reason, effective motivation, and last reason. These causes must be recognized so as to obtain the right information on whatever item is being contemplated. The first of the four causes, material reason, is the primary wellspring of data you can get from the article. It characterizes the material out of which the item is made, actually what substances make up the article. The second reason separately, depicts the shape or structure of the article. It delineates precisely what the article is attempting to depict. The proficient aim is by whom was the article was made. This reason speaks to who the maker is and expresses that the maker is the sole explanation this article exists. The remainder of the four causes is the last reason, which addresses show the eminence of the article in general. This reason is the purpose behind the items presence, to be appreciated. I concur that there is an association among joy and temperance, I accept that one can't be genuinely cheerful without carrying on with a to some degree highminded life. Aristotle utilizes an extraordinary relationship with plants, depicting how all together for a plant to thrive, it's interior capacities must follow a characteristic state. This corresponds to people, by exhibiting that in the event that we don't follow our noble human instinct, at that point we can't thrive and develop into glad individuals. Having temperance additionally requires a fair childhood, where one is instructed how to be deferential, and to not participate in despicable conduct. This is fundamental since everybody has characteristic intrinsic wants that can lead us adrift from considerate mindset. Deciding to surrender to these wants may present to somebody a momentary bliss, however in the end the satisfaction this individual feels will blur. Aristotle delineates which products are vital for joy in somebo dy's life, and which are pointless and exclusively trappings. Things, for example, great wellbeing and life are fundamental, yet different things, for example, riches, companions, and popularity are simply additional items. The main genuine joy somebody can accomplish requires a fair

How to Improve Your Essay Writing by Learning the Guidelines of the School

How to Improve Your Essay Writing by Learning the Guidelines of the SchoolIf you are looking for ways on how to improve your essay writing, the first thing that you should do is to read the guidelines of the school's guidelines in relation to essay writing. In this way, you will be able to find out the rules that you need to follow when it comes to essay writing.You should also learn the different types of essays. The purpose of writing an essay is to convey information to a reader in a specific manner. Hence, it is important to find out the different types of essays that the school has that you need to write.An essay is not just writing a one-sided report. Instead, it should reflect what the writer has personally experienced and thought while writing the essay. Hence, it should not be dry.After learning the various types of essays that the school has, you will be able to get an idea of what you want to write for your essay. For instance, if you want to write an essay about your favo rite movie and how it can influence your life, then you should write it down. However, if you want to express something about your love for sports, then you will have to think about it. It may seem hard at first, but it is something that you have to go through.Most of the professional essay writers will start writing with their topic or subject first. After that, they will be creating paragraphs in the order of the chapters that are in the essay. This will make the writing process easier for you. The trick is to keep it in mind that you need to take time to brainstorm or take a break from the task.Another important thing that you should remember is that the content that you write should always be honest. Whether it is a personal experience or a story, it should always reflect your real life. This is why you need to take the time to think of a good and realistic example to use.Finally, you should also give priority to the school's guidelines and policy in writing an essay. These thin gs will guide you in making the most out of the lesson that you are getting to do.These are some of the things that you should remember when it comes to how to improve your essay writing. Thus, if you are looking for ways on how to improve your essay writing, then make sure that you are aware of these things before you begin.

Reserach utilization project proposal Research Paper - 1

Reserach use venture proposition - Research Paper Example With more attendants picking to work somewhere else, recently graduate medical caretakers are retained promptly in emergency clinic organizations. Incidentally, they represent higher turnover occasions, in a pace of 35% to 60%, contrasted and senior medical attendants (Weng, Huang, Tsai, Chang, and Lin, 2010). As new medical caretakers are straight from school room settings, they have to adapt to â€Å"issues of...organizational structure, and gathering work that might be new to them† (Santucci, 2004, p. 274). Because of absence of expert certainty and over the top work pressures, 30% leave their posts a year in the wake of entering the activity (Lavoie-Tremblay, Lecler, Marchionni, and Drevniok, 2010). In spite of extreme word related pressure, nurture on the move despite everything look for work dependability through advancement of â€Å"autonomy and...collegiality among nurture peers† (Altier and Krsek, 2006, p. 70). However, more established and more youthful ages o f medical attendants are clashed by changing hard working attitudes, aggravating issues on staff maintenance. Accordingly, word related weights and intragenerational clashes are conceivable sources work disappointment and move in professions - representing higher turnovers in medical caretakers. As deficiencies proceed, genuine ramifications are watched. There is said to be an immediate connection between's higher number of patient burden with the danger of customer passing - with 7% increase in likelihood of death in careful wards. Quality consideration is significantly decreased with inconsistent medical caretaker tolerant proportion. Fair administrations mean lower affirmations, lessening benefits and monetarily stressing institutional activity. In addition to the fact that nurses are set at basic expert focuses, their activities undermine lives of customers, and dishonor notoriety of partnered foundations; these show serious results of nursing lack on in general state of residents subject to powerful and dependable wellbeing arrangements - in exacting cultural terms. In cure, tending to pivotal parts of employment fulfillment in workplace can serve significant impact in social insurance associations. Before this, a

Learn About Rock Cycle in the Earths Crust

Rocks are composed primarily of minerals and can be an amalgam of different minerals or can be composed of one mineral. Over 3500 minerals have been identified; most of these can be found in the Earths crust. Some of the Earths minerals are exceedingly popular - fewer than 20 minerals compose more than 95% of the Earths crust. There are three different ways rock can be created on Earth and thus there are three main classifications of rock, based on the three processes - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous Rock Igneous rocks are formed from the molten liquid minerals that lie below the Earths crust. Theyre formed from magma that cools beneath the Earths surface or from lava that cools upon the Earths surface. These two methods of igneous rock formation are known as intrusive and extrusive, respectively. Intrusive igneous formations can be forced to the surface of the Earth where they can exist as masses of rock known as plutons. The largest types of exposed plutons are called batholiths. The Sierra Nevada mountains are a large batholith of igneous granite rock. Slowly cooling igneous rock will usually contain larger mineral crystals than igneous rock that cools more quickly. The magma that forms igneous rock beneath the surface of the earth can take thousands of years to cool. Quickly cooling rock, often extrusive lava that comes from volcanoes or fissures in the Earths surface has small crystals and may be quite smooth, such as the volcanic obsidian rock. All rocks on Earth were originally igneous as thats the only method entirely new rock can be formed. Igneous rocks continue to form today under and above the earths surface as magma and lava cool to form new rock. The word igneous comes from Latin and means fire formed. Most of the rocks of the Earths crust are igneous although sedimentary rocks usually cover them. Basalt is the most common type of igneous rock and it covers the ocean floor and thus, exists over two-thirds of the Earths surface. Sedimentary Rock Sedimentary rocks are formed by the lithification (cementing, compacting, and hardening) of existing rock or the bones, shells, and pieces of formerly living things. Rocks are weathered and eroded into tiny particles which are then transported and deposited along with other pieces of rock called sediments. Sediments are cemented together and compacted and hardened over time by the weight and pressure of up to thousands of feet of additional sediments above them. Eventually, the sediments are lithified and become solid sedimentary rock. These sediments that come together are known as clastic sediments. Sediments usually sort themselves by the size of the particles during the deposition process so sedimentary rocks tend to contain similarly sized sedimentary particles. An alternative to clastic sediments are chemical sediments which are minerals in solution that harden. The most common chemical sedimentary rock is limestone, which is a biochemical product of calcium carbonate created by the parts of dead creatures. Approximately three-quarters of the Earths bedrock on the continents is sedimentary. Metamorphic Rock Metamorphic rock, which comes from the Greek to change form, is formed by applying great pressure and temperature to existing rock converting it into a new distinct type of rock. Igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, and even other metamorphic rocks and be modified into metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks are usually created when they come under extreme pressure such as under many thousands of feet of bedrock or through being crushed at the junction of tectonic plates. Sedimentary rocks can become metamorphic rocks if the thousands of feet of sediments above them apply enough heat and pressure to further change the structure of the sedimentary rock. Metamorphic rocks are harder than other types of rock so theyre more resistant to weathering and erosion. Rock always converts into the same type of metamorphic rock. For example, the sedimentary rocks limestone and shale become marble and slate, respectively, when metamorphosed. The Rock Cycle We know that all three rock types can be turned into metamorphic rocks but all three types can also be changed through the rock cycle. All rocks can be weathered and eroded into sediments, which can then form sedimentary rock. Rocks can also be completely melted into magma and become reincarnated as igneous rock.

A Code Of Ethics For Social Workers Essay - 2330 Words

All social workers can attest that at some point in their career they’ve had a situation that was an ethical dilemma. They work with people who are experiencing some very difficult and sensitive situations, and there are instances where issues arise that put social workers in a difficult position in regards to ethics. Whether it be from conflicting responsibilities of a social worker or an issue that lies in an ethical gray area. Fortunately, the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) has a code of ethics for social workers that lays out what is expected and required of a social worker when dealing with a variety of issues. Also, since social workers are considered covered entities under the Health Insurance Portability and Affordability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), they are also held responsible for protecting their clients’ health information. When faced with an ethical dilemma, if a social worker chooses to not follow the standards laid out by the NASW and HIPAA then they could face professional, and potentially legal, disciplinary actions. As with any profession, social workers come from various backgrounds and they work with others who also come from various backgrounds. Regardless of where a social worker comes from or what college they attend, it is important that all social workers are professionally competent when they begin working with clients. With that in mind, the Council on Social Work Education drafted their educational standards which colleges must adhere toShow MoreRelatedSocial Worker and Their Code of Ethics Essay1057 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the Preamble of the Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers, â€Å"the primary mission of the social work profession is to enhance human wellbeing and help meet the basic human needs of all people, with particular attention to the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty.† National Association of Social Worker s. (approved 1996, revised 1999, 2008). Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers. Washington, DC: Author.Read MoreCode Of Ethic For National Association Of Social Worker1138 Words   |  5 PagesReading the Code of Ethic for National Association of Social Worker (NASW) I see that the code of ethics if pretty similar to my own set of values. Upon reviewing the code of ethics, it parallels how my approach to clients is treated regardless of their status in the community. The ethical principles are to ensure that dignity and worth of the person, social justice, and importance of human relations, integrity and competency is a service that should be afforded to anyone. These core values haveRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics Of The National Association Of Social Workers1452 Words   |  6 PagesPreamble of the Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers it is stated that â€Å"the primary mission of the social work profession is to enhance human well-bei ng and help meet the basic human needs of all people, with particular attention to the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty† (Socialworkers.org, 2008). Social workers must consider the many levels that accompany each case and also remember to consult the Code of Ethics so that theyRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics Of The National Association Of Social Workers Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pagesmax). The Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) is designed to communicate the fundamental values, ethical principles, and ethical standards of the social work profession, regardless of the role in which the workers are functioning. These codes should always be consulted as guidelines when ethical issues arise to get the best outcome for the clients. Good human service workers know this and stay up to date with any changes to the codes of ethics. They are alsoRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics Of The National Association Of Social Workers Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pagessingle space max). The Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) is designed to communicate the fundamental values, ethical principles, and ethical standards of the social work profession, regardless the roles the workers are functioning these codes should always be consulted as guidelines when ethical issues arise while pursuing the best outcome for the Clients. Good human service workers know this and are familiar with the codes of ethics. They are also clear on managingRead MoreThe National Association Of Social Workers Code Of Ethics Essay2287 Words   |  10 PagesSocial work is a very unique profession. The other professions that are in the same realm as social work are very specialized, however, social workers must have a broad range of knowledge in order to help their clients. This is where multiple agencies come together to make sure professionals are properly trained and knowledgeable. In the field of social work, ethics and values are the key principles that prov ide the basis for the mission. It is these principles that guide the decisions and actionsRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics Of National Association Of Social Workers1948 Words   |  8 PagesPurposes, functions, and goal of social work Social work refers to the profession in which there is a â€Å"distinctive emphasis... on the interface between individuals and their social environment† (Toseland Rivas, 2005, p. 5). The profession was created as a response to a need or concern (Johnson Yanca, 2010, p. 4). Common human needs include: food, shelter, clothing, health care, opportunities for emotional and intellectual growth, as well as meaningful relationships (Johnson Yanca, 2010, pRead MoreHuman Services Professional or Social Workers Code and Ethics542 Words   |  3 PagesThere is a pressing need for a high level of worker/client boundary identification when working within a client population, however realizing a conflict of interest scenario is vitally important when facing a dual relationship with a client. There are so many issues that are faced by a human service professional, explaining all of them may be difficult. In this field there are issues such as burnout, secondary trauma, compassion satis faction, dual relationships, and boundary issues. (Reamer, F. (2012)Read MoreEthics And Code Of Ethics1359 Words   |  6 Pagesethical codes in which it is useful to become aware of these differences for your future employment in working with a variety of professionals. Future coworkers may have different views and opinions however, a code of ethics will individualize these professionals and set standards. By making yourself aware of the differences, communication can become easier between employees of various backgrounds. Two particular organizations to compare may include the American Counseling Association Code of EthicsRead MoreEthical Principles, Morals And Values Of A Company Or Organization Essay1612 Words   |  7 PagesCode of ethics, are implemented to educate employees on the ethical principles, morals and values of a company or organization. Organizations such as the National Association for Social Workers (NASW), and the National Organization for Human Services (NOHS ) have ethical codes in place for individuals working within the Human Services field. The American Psychological Association (APA) have ethical principles for psychologists. Furthermore, journalist’s and corporations have ethical codes they must

Social Science - 1610 Words

According to the dictionary of Merriam-Webster, Objective is defined as expressing or dealing with facts or conditions as perceived without distortion by personal feelings, prejudices, or interpretations. And the Cambridge Dictionary has the similar definition: â€Å"based on real facts and not influenced by personal beliefs or feelings.† It is obvious that to be objective, personal opinions on the research question or hypothesis have to be eliminated in the research design, research process and report method. It is the aim of any kind of research to be objective, which means the result can show more effective information and can be generalized to more situations. Almost all the books about social science research method discuss the research†¦show more content†¦These situations happen more on the research topics which has been touched less, and academic essays which need to be approved by authorities, as I have experienced. Conflict research may be conducted all over the world, but more literatures can be found are written in English by Western researchers. When the Eastern researchers try to carry out research on a certain topic after reading the western literatures, and found the results are different from the published literatures, he or she may try to modify the research results in order to be approved by the academic societies. However, the differences between research results may be caused by cultural background, which can show the differences between East and West. Limitation of repeated experiment Stemwedel (2011) discusses the importance of teamwork to avoid the subjectivity in research. She believes the peer review and repeated experiment should be effective to make the research more objective. The peer review and communicate between colleagues are easy to reach. But the social science research is not scientific research, such as physics, which we can measure the length several times on certain object, and get the average as the most accurate length of it. Social science research is affected by a lot of factors, and the errors or subjectivity of studies can hardly be eliminated. For instance, it is hard to repeat someShow MoreRelatedThe Social Sciences And Humanities1008 Words   |  5 Pageshumanities, social science too the authors discuss the importance of having education and skill in all the STEM, humanities, and social sciences! They discuss more thoroughly how and why these are so vital to reaching economic success for this country with its competitiveness in mind. Social sciences and STEM courses are vital to the global economy, the overall growth of our society, and personal success. To reach personal success I need both social science and STEM skills and knowledge. The social sciencesRead MoreThe Social Sciences And Humanities1114 Words   |  5 PagesThere seems to be a stigma present in our society, that social sciences and humanities are not as hard and require less work than science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, STEM, majors. In addition, women are still struggling to gain traction in STEM fields, and face gender bias quite frequently, as seen in the fact that women are only paid 77 cents for every dollar made by a man. We hypothesized that STEM majors would be rated as more academically competent than sociology majors. We alsoRead MoreHealth Geography Is A Branch Of Social Science1073 Words   |  5 Pages*Health geography approaches. Health geography is a branch of social science which investigates the interaction between people and the environment. Health geography views health from an all-inclusive perspective combining society and space, and it intellectualises the role of place, location, and geography within the realm of health, wellbeing, and disease. To put it simply, health geography examines why space and place are central for health variation in the population. As a result, approachesRead MoreSocial and Natural Sciences Essay855 Words   |  4 Pagesachieved with an experiment. Natural sciences may be referred to as a science of the physical world, whereas a social science may be defined as a branch of science dealing with human society and relationships. Furthermore, social sciences and natural science may be distinguished by the method of their creation. In general, natural sciences usually require a form of action (i.e. experiment) to provide justification for their knowledge claims whereas social sciences don’t require action to justify theirRead MoreEssay on Sociology and Social Sciences1144 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The Social Sciences Complete and submit this assignment by the due date to receive full credit. (7 points) 1. Rank the seven social sciences (anthropology, economics, geography, history, political science, psychology, and sociology) according to what you believe is their importance and influence on the people in a modern society. Answer: 1.Psychology (How humans think influences most, if not all of the social sciences.)   2.Sociology (This helps figure out how society thinks. If you understandRead MoreThe Humanities And Social Sciences Position At Dalyellup College Essay1676 Words   |  7 PagesI wish to apply for the Humanities and Social Sciences position at Dalyellup College. I was particularly inspired to apply for this position because of your schools focus on collaboration and partnerships. As I strongly believe that it is through teamwork and collaboration that teachers continue to grow and develop. That every teacher has their own style, areas of strengths and weakness so it is only through working together that we can strive to become outstanding teachers who have the necessaryRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Social Science1076 Words   |  5 Pagesexplore the philosophy of social science of which he categorises into four modes. He attempted to seek for the acceptable compromises between all and each mode to define a better way of understanding the social world. Hollis clearly states that the ke y task of this book is to reflect on the underlying philosophy of social science through the critical examination of the theory and methodology in each approach. Some of the key questions are; whether the study of social science can use the same methodRead MoreEssay about Race and Ethnicity in Social Sciences877 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Social Sciences Defining identity can be complex and therefore we have to investigate the factors involved that make us who we are and how we are seen by others, collectively or individually. Social scientists have to consider the key elements which shape identity, the importance of social structures and agency involved. The differences and/or similarities between us are the focus that categorise and label us in society. Knowing who we are is important for many reasons including, social rightsRead MoreObjectivity in Social Science and Social Policy by Max Weber2281 Words   |  10 PagesObjectivity in Social Science and Social Policy, by Max Weber In this article Weber gives his understanding of the nature of the social sciences and methods of scientific research. The centre question under discussion is how to combine judgement about practical social policy and objectivity. Weber is debating over the validity of the value-judgements uttered by the critique. In what sense, - asks he, - if the criterion of scientific knowledge is to be found in the objective validity of itsRead MoreKarl s Views On Social Science1848 Words   |  8 Pages Karl Popper became a popular philosopher in the twentieth century, known for his emphasis on empirical falsification while studying the social sciences. He rejected previously popular views from the prewar era, namely Historicism, which focuses on only historical evidence in the observation of political and social events. In his book, Popper Selections, Popper vehemently opposes ideas such as historicism, collectivism, utopian principles, and the Marxian ideology. Popper’s emphasis on em pirical

I Remember Essay Example For Students

I Remember Essay I Remember .. I remember the kid next door with whom I grew up, a short andstocky lad named Donald Meaux. Did I say stocky? A modern day Pillsbury DoughBoy with high top sneakers and knee high-socks is a more accurate description. He has been my next door neighbor for more than eighteen years. We met as mostchildren do through the friendship of our parents. Our fathers shared cold beersin the evening, while our mothers gossiped in the kitchen over tea. Their twodiapered infants played in the playpen together day in and day out. In thisfriendship, which was similar to that of a married couple, Donald and I had ourups and our downs; yet for ten years, we spent day after day together. We oftenfought, and then we made up once the ice cream man came around the corner in hismagical truck. But, like most good things, the friendship wore away with time. Iremember Donald as a spoiled, aggravating four year old. Neither of these arecharacteristics that anyone looks for in a lifelong friendship. Yet,characteristics like these are not very important to a child of four. At fouryears old, people hardly ever make logical decisions. After all, Donald and Idid share a bowl of dog food for dessert every now and then. For the first fewyears, our friendship was flawless. We spent day after day together. On theweekends, we took turns sleeping at each others houses. I used to lovesleeping at Dons house, because we were allowed to stay up later there thanat my house. Another thing I loved about their house was the coveted midnightsnack, which consisted of either chocolate milk or Fruity Pebbles. We keptourselves awake until midnight, ate our snack, and then went to sleep. Weremained good, close friends for years. As time went on, Don and I startedhaving problems as friends, which was quite understandable since we spent everyday together. Needless to say, we got on each others nerves. He was obnoxiousand aggravating. I was ornery and a mommas boy. I remember how he lovedNintendo. He used to play for hours on end, and he was good. One day he wasplaying Super Mario 3, and he was about to defeat the game. Just as he waswinning, I turned off the television and blinded his view. When Don turned thetelevision back on, it was too late; he had lost. He was furious with me andliterally attacked me like a wild predator. He scratched, clawed, and bit me,while I punched and kicked him for at least thirty seconds. Then we got tiredand fell down. After that, we just started laughing and that was it. The fightwas over. This kind of friendship is one that people do not expect to end. Asanyone can guess, time took its toll on our friendship. The friendshipdeteriorated during our first year in high school. There was not anythingcomplicated about it; it just happened. He kept his old friends, and I made newones. I played sports and he did not . I went out on the weekends and he stayedhome. As the years passed, we found ourselves even farther apart. We even foundourselves avoiding each other at school to bypass an awkward situation, and Istopped going over to his house after school. We lived less than fifty yardsaway, but for years it felt as though it were miles. Over the eighteen yearsthat I have known Donald, I have learned a lot. I have learned that people canand will change. I have also learned that bad things get worse if you let themlinger, like old meat left out on the counter to spoil. Finally, I have learnedthat there is a bright side to everything, even this. About two weeks ago,Donald came home from Baton Rouge and stopped by my house. .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad , .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad .postImageUrl , .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad , .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad:hover , .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad:visited , .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad:active { border:0!important; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad:active , .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Becoming a Member of the National Honor Society Essay We ended up talkingfor hours about old times and school. We spoke for the first time in over threeyears and had what was probably the most interesting conversation the two of ushave ever had. Is this not ironic? For years we lived so close physically, yetso far apart socially. We lived next door to each other, but could not stop byeach others house just to talk. Only when one of us moved far away to collegedid we find it in ourselves to once again visit with each other.

Othello And Racism Essay Research Paper Although free essay sample

Othello And Racism Essay, Research Paper Although there are tonss of things to propose this is a racialist drama I don # 8217 ; t believe that racism really dominates the drama, even though it has a racialist subject. There is a romantic brotherhood between black and white which gets destroyed because most people think the relationship is incorrect. At the clip the drama was written, 1604, even the Queen of England was racist so at that place must hold been a strong hatred of inkinesss around that clip. Most racist remarks in the drama are said by people that are angry or disquieted. For illustration, when Emilia found out that Othello had killed Desdemona she was highly huffy and she called Othello a Blacker Satan , this was the lone clip in the drama that she had said anything racialist about Othello. The chief characters that have racist attitudes are Iago, Brabantio, Roderigo and Emilia, with the hate of Othello as the footing for their racialist actions and remarks towards him. We will write a custom essay sample on Othello And Racism Essay Research Paper Although or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Iago is the most racist character in the book as he has it in for Othello right from the start. What flickers off Iago # 8217 ; s hatred towards him is the fact that when Othello chose his lieutenant, it was Cassio who was chosen alternatively of Iago. What made Iago angry was the fact that Cassio had no experience in war when he did and Cassio was chosen alternatively of him. Iago does non state anything racialist to Othello # 8217 ; s face but he has a batch to state against him behind his dorsum. He schemes to destruct Othello and anything in his manner including Cassio and Desdemona. The first clip we hear one of his racialist remarks is when he # 8217 ; s speaking to Brabantio about Othello and Desdemona, Even now, really now, an old black random-access memory is tupping your white Ewe . Iago says this to seek and turn Brabantio against Othello. Iago utilizations racialist remarks all the manner through the drama, as he tries to turn people against Othello, for illustration naming him a Barbary Horse . He neer says anything racialist to Othello # 8217 ; s face because in his secret plan he had to be his best friend, so as non to do him leery that Iago was doing all the problem for him. Iago is covetous of Othello for many grounds, one being that Othello has higher ranking in the ground forces than him, and besides he has a good matrimony with Desdemona which Iago does non hold himself with Emilia. These are the chief causes of his hate for Othello and the ground he adopts such a racialist attitude. Roderigo is another 1 of the racialist characters in the drama, being so right from the start. He is Iago # 8217 ; s confederate and will make anything that Iago wants him to. I think he does this because of the manner Iago can writhe a state of affairs to do it sound as if Roderigo would acquire something good from it but in the terminal he doesn # 8217 ; t. One of the racialist names he calls Othello behind his dorsum is Thick-lips . He hates Othello because he # 8217 ; s covetous of him as he besides loves Desdemona but can non hold her. I don # 8217 ; t believe he views Othello in a really bad, racist manner but uses the racism against Othello because he # 8217 ; s covetous of him. Neither Roderigo or Iago would state anything racialist to Othello # 8217 ; s face as he is the general of the ground forces. Brabantio is besides a racialist character, and is enraged when he finds out that his girl, Desdemona, has been seeing the Moor behind his dorsum. Brabantio is so huffy he sends out his guards to catch Othello and put him in prison. Brabantio views Othello as a foul and dirty no good black, I think this racialist position of his is because he # 8217 ; s angry when he finds out that his girl has been seeing this Moor . Unlike Iago and Roderigo, Brabantio will openly do racialist remarks about Othello to his face such as, lewd Moor , Wheeling alien . Brabantio can make this because he is the Senator of Venice and is higher in rank than Othello. The other character who is racist towards Othello is Emilia, the lady in waiting to Desdemona. Emilia is disgusted with Othello when she finds out that Othello had killed Desdemona this is the clip she gets a opportunity to show her feelings about Othello, O, the more angel she, and you the blacker Satan! Although this is the lone clip she says what she thinks of him, I think that she was racist towards Othello all through the drama and did non approve of his relationship with Desdemona but merely could non demo it because she would acquire in problem with her Godhead . Because Shakespeare wrote a drama about a black and white brotherhood, which was later destroyed, I think it shows that he # 8217 ; s non racist. I think he feels that the brotherhood between the two is right, but the relationship would neer last in a racialist community at that clip. He portrayed the brotherhood between Othello and Desdemona as a good thing, and the people who destroyed it, chiefly Iago and Roderigo as immorality. This shows one time once more that he approves of a black and white relationship and therefore was non racist himself. Once before Shakespeare wrote a sonnet about his kept woman which says, for illustration, If snow be white, why so her chest be dun He writes about his kept woman being black when other poets of that clip wrote about how their kept womans were white. The other poets were the racialist 1s, they girlfriends were ever white and perfect, Shakespeare wrote about how his kept womans is black and non really beautiful. Although the drama has a strong racist subject against inkinesss I don # 8217 ; t think that the drama is racist. 32c

Japan Essays - Military Personnel, Asia, Japan, Empire Of Japan

Japan Essays - Military Personnel, Asia, Japan, Empire Of Japan Japan The occupation of Japan was, from start to finish, an American operation. General Douglans MacArthur, sole supreme commander of the Allied Power was in charge. The Americans had insufficient men to make a military government of Japan possible; so t hey decided to act through the existing Japanese gobernment. General Mac Arthur became, except in name, dictator of Japan. He imposed his will on Japan. Demilitarization was speedily carried out, demobilization of the former imperial forces was complet ed by early 1946. Japan was extensively fire bomded during the second world war. The stench of sewer gas, rotting garbage, and the acrid smell of ashes and scorched debris pervaded the air. The Japanese people had to live in the damp, and col d of the concrete buildings, because they were the only ones left. Little remained of the vulnerable wooden frame, tile roof dwelling lived in by most Japanese. When the first signs of winter set in, the occupation forces immediately took over all the s team-heated buildings. The Japanese were out in the cold in the first post war winter fuel was very hard to find, a family was considered lucky if they had a small barely glowing charcoal brazier to huddle around. That next summer in random spots new ho uses were built, each house was standardized at 216 square feet, and required 2400 board feet of material in order to be built. A master plan for a modernistic city had been drafted, but it was cast aside because of the lack of time before the next winte r. The thousands of people who lived in railroad stations and public parks needed housing. All the Japanese heard was democracy from the Americans. All they cared about was food. General MacAruther asked the government to send food, when they refus ed he sent another telegram that said, "Send me food, or send me bullets." American troops were forbidden to eat local food, as to keep from cutting from cutting into the sparse local supply. No food was was brought in expressly for the Japanese durning the first six months after the American presence there. Herbert Hoover, serving as chairman of a special presidential advisory committee, recommended minimum imports to Japan of 870,000 tons of food to be distributed in different urban areas. Fi sh, the source of so much of the protein in the Japanese diet, were no longer available in adequate quantities because the fishing fleet, particularly the large vessels, had been badly decimated by the war and because the U.S.S.R. closed off the fishing g rounds in the north. The most important aspect of the democratization policy was the adoption of a new constitution and its supporting legislation. When the Japanese government proved too confused or too reluctant to come up with a constitutional reform that satisfied MacArthur, he had his own staff draft a new constitution in February 1946. This, with only minor changes, was then adopted by the Japanese government in the form of an imperial amendment to the 1889 constitution and went into effect on May 3, 1947. The new Constitution was a perfection of the British parliamentary form of government that the Japanese had been moving toward in the 1920s. Supreme political power was assigned to the Diet. Cabinets were made responsible to the Diet by having the prime minister elected by the lower house. The House of Peers was replaced by an elected House of Councillors. The judicial system was made as independent of executive interference as possible, and a newly created supreme court was given the power to review the constitutionality of laws. Local governments were given greatly increased powers. The Emperor was reduced to being a symbol of the unity of the nation. Japanese began to see him in person. He went to hospitals, schools, mines, industrial plants; he broke ground for public buildings and snipped tape at the opening of gates and highways. He was steered here and there, shown things, and kept muttering, "Ah so, ah so." People started to call him "Ah-so-san." Suddenly the puybli c began to take this shy, ill-at-ease man to their hearts. They saw in him something of their own conqured selves, force

The Current Obama Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Current Obama Administration - Essay Example Alinksy believed that the people he was working with had no power in the community, but he sought to make that community heard. [Alinsky] believed that widespread poverty left America open to the influence of demagogues and that the only antidote was active, widespread participation in the political process†¦[he] envisioned an ‘organization of organizations,’ comprised of all sectors of the community...† In fact, many of the people he worked with felt like they had no say in their own lives, and as a result some turned to crime. â€Å"[Alinsky] realize[d] that criminal behavior was a symptom of poverty and powerlessness.† Alinsky believed in empowerment of the people, and the Have-Nots desperately needed someone who would step up to the plate for them and plead their case. â€Å"Alinsky considered himself a realist above all, the ultimate pragmatist†¦[he] had no qualms about assorted versions of morality in the pursuit of worldly power. He didn't coddle his radical acolytes or encourage their bourgeois distinctions between good and evil when it came to transferring power from the Haves to the Have-Nots.† Alinsky claimed that making the opposition live up to their own standards was something that would trip up the opposition every time, because the other could not live up to its promises in a political showdown. Saul Alinsky said, "Make the enemy live up to his/her own book of rules. You can kill them with this. They can no more obey their own rules than the Christian church can live up to Christianity." The Obama Administration would do well to fight fire with fire, especially on the topic of the health care reform debate. There are about 40 million Americans who have no say when it comes to facing big insurance companies, and therefore are uninsured. If Obama and his Administration held the Republicans' feet to the fire, and really extracted from them that what they did not want was tort reform-but for people to continue going on without health insurance-the dark underbelly of Republican politics would certainly be shown. The Republicans would then be beaten by their own game. The people Saul Alinsky chose to organize were people who had no relative value. "[Alinsky] recruited and guided indigenous leaders who identified common interests that brought together previously hostile ethnic groups of Serbs and Croatians, Czechs and Slovaks, Poles and Lithuanians into a large organization, the Back of The Yards Neighborhood Council."7 The Obama Administration, likewise, has done well to hire a bunch of people from different backgrounds. They should still continue this policy. Saul Alinsky commented, "One of the criteria for picking the target is the target's vulnerability ... the other important point in the choosing of a target is that it must be a personification, not something general and abstract."8 The Obama Administration must focus on the vulnerable points of the Republican Party. If one msut choose the topic of health care, the main sticking points that will keep the Democrats in power-as one is sure this is a factor Obama wants to have a successful presidency-is to expose the Republicans' "can't-do" attitude, obstructionist politics, and misguided, misinformed, and idiotic notions. "An organizer working in and for an open society is in an ideological dilemma to begin with, he does not have a fixed truth -- truth to him is relative

My Dilemma (acquisition, merger and initial public offer) Research Paper

My Dilemma (acquisition, merger and initial public offer) - Research Paper Example How the Dilemma came about One Monday morning when I got to the office, something strange and out of protocol happened. Hitherto, I rarely had any say on proposals for growth and expansion. I was more or less a passive observer who was around to learn from his superiors. This time round I was not even asked to give contributions towards a proposal to be sent to management but to select one of three choices management had taken on a long term growth and expansion move. Most of the time, proposals from my department to management were discarded but when proposals came from management to my department, it meant that the proposal was certainly going to be implemented. This means that the choice I made was going to be implemented. For a student on internship to decide the long term growth and expansion program for the multi million advertising company was indeed a herculean task. The dilemma was also with the fact that I had to choose among options given by management. The options were acquisition, merger and initial public offer. The company was considering either purchasing an events organization company or merging with the events organization company or putting its shares on public offer as a means of expanding the existing company. This was a dilemma because all three options had their own advantages and disadvantages. It was indeed difficult pointing out which of the options was going to be better than the either. Meaning of the three options Merger has been explained by Farlex (2011) to be â€Å"a combination of two or more companies in which the assets and liabilities of the selling firm(s) are absorbed by the buying firm.† It continues to posit that in the event of merger, there is a â€Å"decision by two companies to combine all operations, officers, structure, and other functions of business† (Farlex (2011). To this effect, it meant th at if I chose the option of merger, my company would have been tagged as the buying firm. It also meant that by merger, our company was going to combine all its operation, staff, structure and organizational culture with the selling firm. The new company that was going to be formed out of the merger was not going to be under the outright ownership of our firm but then ownership shared by the two companies in question. The Investopedia (2011) on the other hand explains that â€Å"when one company takes over another and clearly established itself as the new owner, the purchase is called an acquisition.† The implication of this definition is that if this choice was chosen by me, our company was

Outsourcing Plan Essay Example for Free

Outsourcing Plan Essay 1. Outsourcing has become a way to increase an organization’s flexibility to meet rapidly changing market conditions, focus on core competencies and develop competitive advantage. As a result, the need for SM has intensified and positioned Supply Managers as agents of strategic change critical to supply chain success. A. True 2. Outsourcing decreases an organization’s flexibility to meet rapidly changing market conditions, but it can usually reduce total costs in the long-term B. False 3. Early supply management involvement is an approach in supply management to bring the expertise and collaborative synergy of suppliers into the design process. A. True 4. The strategic sourcing plan should be developed in a collaborative environment that includes all relevant functional area representatives and supply chain members. A. True 5. Foreign governments never impose countertrade requirements. B. False 6. Statutory rates are full rates for tariffs. A. True 7. Which of the following is not a strategic issue in making the outsourcing decision? A. The issue of short-term vulnerabilities. 8. Which of the following is a consideration that favors buying a product? B. Multiple source policy 9. Which of the following is not one of the conditions demanding negotiation? C. Market must consist of adequate number of sellers.

Struggles Within the Middle East: United States Supplying Israel During

In October of 1973, a war between the Arabic states of Egypt and Syria and the state of Israel broke out known as the Yom Kippur War. Being vastly overwhelmed by the Arabic states in terms of sheer volume of troops and equipment, Israel turned toward its ally in the West, the United States. With profound diplomatic pressure from multiple Arabic states, the United States found itself in an increasingly difficult position. In an effort to create the best outcome for America in both the Middle East and the global theatre, the United States made the decision, knowing full well the possible consequences, to help supply Israel during the Yom Kippur War. On October 6th, 1973, during the Jewish holy day of atonement, Yom Kippur, a surprise attack transpired, catching Israel off-guard and potentially putting over sovereign nations in a precarious position pertaining to Middle Eastern foreign affairs. The governments of Egypt and Syria, knowing that Yom Kippur was the holiest Jewish day of prayer and fasting that the Jewish military actively participated in, knew that they would be able to catch the well-defended Israeli positions off-guard. By combining their military might, the Egyptian army created a combined force that totaled the forces of NATO in Western Europe, creating a potential security threat to first world nations. In Golan Heights, the Syrian tank force outmatched Israeli by nine to one, and in the Suez region the Egyptian forces outnumber the Israeli by a ratio of one-hundred and sixty to one. Both sides, willing to commit both their men and equipment, were willing to sacrifice in order to gain their necessary victory. W illing to sacrifice their equipment, all sides in the war were looking outward toward other nations in or... ...rael during the war. With a fear that failure to maintain the balance of power in the Middle East, while trying to drive Soviet influence out, could upset America’s interests and security in the Global theatre, United States officials made the decision that supplying Israel during the Yom Kippur War was in America’s best interest the long term. Works Cited U.S. State Department. Middle East Task Force. Situation Report #18. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1981. U.S. State Department. Middle East Task Force. Situation Report #22. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1981. U.S. State Department. Middle East Task Force. The Middle East Conflict and U.S. Oil Interests. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1981. The White House. Memorandum of Conversation, October 9, 1973. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1981.

Medical Immunology

MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY Terence L. Eday, RMT, MT(ASCPi), MPH College of Medical Technology / Medical Laboratory Science University of Perpetual Help System DALTA Historical Perspective †¢ 1773, Voltaire reported on an ancient Chinese custom where dried and powdered small pox scabs were inhaled †¢ 1798, Edward Anthony Jenner, Smallpox vaccination †¢ 1862, Ernst Haekel, Recognition of phagocytosis 1877, Paul Erlich, recognition of mast cells Historical Perspective †¢ 1879, Louis Pasteur, Attennuated chicken cholera vaccine development †¢ 1883, Ellie Metchnikoff developed the cellular theory of immunity through phagocytosis; phagocytic theory; cellular theory of vaccination †¢ 1885, Pasteur discovered therapeutic vaccination; first report of live â€Å"attenuated† vaccine for rabies Historical Perspective 1888, Pierre Roux & Alexander Yersin, Bacterial toxins (Yersinia pestis) †¢ 1888, George Nuttall, Bactericidal action of blood †¢ 1 890, Emil von Behring and Kitasata introduced passive immunization into modern medicine; humoral theory of immunity †¢ 1891, Robert Koch demonstrated the cutaneous (delayed-type) hypersensitivity †¢ 1894, Richard Pfeiffer, Bacteriolysis Historical Perspective (1 of 6 ) 1895, Jules Bordet, Complement and antibody activity in bacteriolysis †¢ 1900, Paul Ehrlich, responsible for the antibody formation theory †¢ 1901, Karl Landsteiner, A, B, and O †¢ 1901-8, Carl Jensen & Leo Loeb, Transplantable tumors †¢ 1902, Paul Portier & Charles Richet, Anaphylaxis Historical Perspective (1 of 6 ) †¢ 1903, Nicolas Maurice Arthus, discovered the Arthus reaction of intermediate hypersensitivity †¢ 1903, Almroth Wright and Stewart Douglas observed the humoral component, opsonin †¢ 1906, Clemens von Pirquet, coined the word allergy †¢ 1907, Svante Arrhenius, coined the term immunochemistryHistorical Perspective †¢ 1910, Emil von Dungern, & Ludwik Hirszfeld, Inheritance of ABO blood groups †¢ 1910, Peyton Rous, Viral immunology theory †¢ 1914, Clarence Little, Genetics theory of tumor transplantation †¢ 1915-20, Leonll Strong & Clarence Little, Inbred mouse strains Historical Perspective †¢ 1917, Karl Landsteiner, Haptens †¢ 1921, Carl Prausnitz & Heinz Kustner, Cutaneous reactions †¢ 1924, L. Aschoff, Reticuloendothelial system †¢ 1926, Loyd Felton & GH Bailey, Isolation of pure antibody preparation †¢ 1938, John Marrack, Antigen-antibody binding hypothesis Historical Perspective 1936, Peter Gorer, Identification of the H2 antigen in mice †¢ 1940, Karl Landsteiner & Alexander Weiner, Identification of the Rh Antigens †¢ 1941, Albert Coons, Immunofluorescence technique †¢ 1942, Jules Freund & Katherine McDermott, Adjuvants †¢ 1942, Karl Landsteiner & Merill Chase, Cellular transfer of sensitivity in guinea pigs (anaphylaxis) Historical Perspective †¢ 1944, Peter Medwar, Immunological hypothesis of allograft rejection †¢ 1948, Astrid Fagraeus, Demonstration of antibody production in plasma B cells †¢ 1948, George Snell, Congenic mouse lines †¢ 1949, Macfarlane Burnet & Frank Fenner, Immunological tolerance hypothesisHistorical Perspective †¢ 1950, Richard Gershon and K Kondo, Discovery of supressor T cells †¢ 1952, Ogden and Bruton, discovery of agammaglobulinemia (antibody immunodeficiency) †¢ 1953, Morton Simonsen and WJ Dempster, Graft-versus-host reaction †¢ 1953, James Riley & Geoffrey West, Discovery of histamine in mast cells Historical Perspective †¢ 1953, Rupert Billingham, Leslie Brent, Peter Medwar, & Milan Hasek, Immunological tolerance hypothesis †¢ 1955-1959, Niels Jerne, David Talmage, Macfarlane Burnet, Clonal Selection Theory †¢ 1957, Ernest Witebsky et all. Induction of autoimmunity in animals †¢ 1957, Alik Isaacs & Jean Lindemann, Discovery of interferon (cytokine) Hi storical Perspective †¢ 1958-62, Jean Dausset et al. , Human leukocyte antigens †¢ 1959-62, Rodney Porter et al. , Discovery of antibody structure †¢ 1959, James Gowans, Lympocyte circulation †¢ 1961-62, Jaques Miller et al. , Discovery of thymus involvement in cellular immunity †¢ 1961-62, Noel Warner et al. , Disctinction of cellular and humoral immune response Historical Perspective †¢ 1963, Jacques Oudin et al. Antibody isotypes †¢ 1964-68, Anthony Davis et al. , T and B cell cooperation in immune response †¢ 1965, Thomas Tomasi et al. , Secretory immunoglobulin antibodies †¢ 1967, Kimishige Ishizaka et al. , Identification of IgE as the reaginic antibody Historical Perspective †¢ 1971, Donald Bailey, Recombinant inbred mouse strains †¢ 1972, Gerald M. Edelman & Rodney Porter, Identification of antibody molecule †¢ 1974, Rolf Zinkernagel & Peter Doherty, MHC restriction †¢ 1975, Kohler and Milstein, First monoclona l antibodies used in genetic analysisHistorical Perspective †¢ 1984, Robert Good, Failed treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID, David the bubble boy) by bone marrow grafting †¢ 1985, Tonegawa, Hood et al. , Identification of immunoglobulin genes †¢ 1985-1987, Leroy Hood et al. , Identification of genes for the T cell receptor †¢ 1986, Monoclonal hepatitis B vaccine Historical Perspective †¢ 1986, Mosmann, Th1 versus Th2 model of T-helper-cell function †¢ 1990, Yamamoto et al. Molecular differences between the genes for blood groups O and A and between those for A and B †¢ 1990, NIH team, Gene therapy for SCID using cultured T cells †¢ 1993, NIH team, Treatment of SCID using genetically altered umbilical cord cells Historical Perspective †¢ 1996-1998, Identification of toll-like receptors †¢ 2001, FOXP3, the gene directing regulatory-T-cell development †¢ 2005, Frazer, Development of human papilloma-virus vaccine Th e IMMUNE SYTEM What is Immunology? †¢ Study of the molecules, cells, organs, and systems responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign (nonself) material †¢ †¦ ow body components respond and interact †¢ †¦desirable and undesirable consequences of immune interactions †¢ †¦ways in which the immune system can be advantageously manipulated to protect against or treat disease What is Immunity? †¢ Latin word â€Å"immunitas†, freedom from †¢ It refers to all mechanisms used by the body as protection against environmental agents that are foreign to the body. †¢ Can be either natural (innate or inborn) or acquired (adaptive) Function of the Immune System †¢ Recognize â€Å"self† from â€Å"nonself† †¢ Defend the body against nonself Physiologic function is to prevent infection and to eradicate established infections (sterilizing immunity) Key Characteristics of the Immune System †¢ Innate immunit y †¢ Primary response †¢ Secondary response and immunologic memory †¢ Immune response is highly specific †¢ Immune system is tolerant of self-antigens †¢ Immune responses against self-antigens can result in autoimmune diseases †¢ Immune responses against infectious agents do not always lead to elimination of the pathogen (HIV/AIDS) Major Principles of Immunity (immune response): Elimination of many microbial agents through the nonspecific protective mechanisms of the innate immune system. †¢ Cues from the innate immune system inform the cells of the adaptive immune system as to whether it is appropriate to make a response and what type of response to make. Major Principles of Immunity (immune response): †¢ Cells of the adaptive immune system display exquisitely specific recognition of foreign antigens and mobilize potent mechanisms for elimination of microbes bearing such antigens. The immune system displays memory of its previous responses. à ¢â‚¬ ¢ Tolerance of self-antigens. Cells of the Immune System †¢ Lymphocytes – occupy the central stage; determines the specificity of immunity †¢ Dendritic cells (DCs) & Langerhan cells †¢ Monocyte/macrophages †¢ Natural killer (NK) cells †¢ Neutrophils †¢ Mast cells & Basophils †¢ Eosinophils †¢ Epithelial and stromal cells – provides anatomic environment (secretion of critical factors that regulate migration, growth and homeostasis) Lymphoid Tissues and Organs Primary Lymphoid Organs Sites where pre-B and pre-T lymphocytes mature into naive T and B cells in the absence of foreign antigen; †¢ Fetal Liver, Adult bone marrow, and thymus The INNATE IMMUNE SYTEM INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM †¢ relies on germ line-encoded receptors to detect a limited set of microbial structures that are uniquely associated with microbial infection †¢ not a function of a single defined physiologic system; rather, it is a product of multiple a nd diverse defense mechanisms Modules of the Innate Immune System †¢ Surface epithelium The phagocyte system – critical for the defense against both intracellular and extracellular bacteria as well as fungal pathogens; aided by opsonins †¢ Acute phase response and complement – variety of secreted proteins that function in the circulation and in tissue fluids; secreted by the hepatocytes in response to the inflammatory cytokines IL1 and IL-6 Modules of the Innate Immune System †¢ Natural killer (NK) cells are specialized in the elimination of infected host cells and in aiding defense against viral and other intracellular infections through production of cytokines(IFN-? ; regulated by type I interferons (IFN-? /? ) †¢ Mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils are specialized in defense against multicellular parasites, such as helminthes; regulated by several cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 Strategies of Innate Immune Recognition 1. Recog nition of microbial nonself – referred to as pattern recognition, based on the recognition of molecular structures that are unique to microorganisms and not produced by the host 2.Recognition of missing self – based on the recognition of molecules expressed only on normal, uninfected cells of the host Targets of Innate Immune Recognition †¢ PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) – molecular structures produced by microbial pathogens, but not by the host organism †¢ PRRs (pattern recognition receptors) – receptors of the innate immune system and represents targets of the innate immune system Targets of Innate Immune Recognition Examples of PAMPs include: (1) LPS of gram-negative bacteria (2) LTA of gram-positive bacteria (3) Peptidoglycans (4) Lipoproteins of bacteria (cell wall) (5) Lipoarabinomannan of mycobacteria (6) dsRNA produced by virus during the infection cycle (7) ? -glucans and mannans found in fungal cell wall Receptors of th e Innate Immune System †¢ Broad categories of PRRs: (1) PRRs that signal the presence of infection; expressed on the cell surface or intracellularly Categories of gene products: a. proteins and peptides that have direct antimicrobial effector functions (antimicrobial peptides and lysozyme) b. nflammatory cytokines and chemokines (TNF, IL-1, IL-8) c. gene products that control activation of the adaptive immune response (MHC, CD80/CD86, IL-12) Receptors of the Innate Immune System †¢ Broad categories of PRRs: (2) Phagocytic (or endocytic) PRRs; expressed on the surface of macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells(DCs) (3) Secreted PRRs (mannan-binding lectin and peptidoglycan-recognition proteins Function: a. activate complement b. opsonize microbials cells to facilitate their phagocytosis c. ccessory proteins for PAMP recognition by transmembrane receptors (TLR) Receptors of the Innate Immune System †¢ Toll-like Receptors – comprise a family of type 1 transm embrane receptors characterized by leucine rich repeats (LRRs) in the extracellular portion and an intracellular TIR (Toll/IL-1 receptor) domain; grouped into two classes: (1) TLRs 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 are expressed on the plasma membrane and detect bacterial and fungal cell wall components; (2) TLRs 3, 7, and 9 are expressed in endosomal compartments and recognize viral nucleic acidsToll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) †¢ expressed predominantly in the cells of the immune system, including macrophages, DC, neutrophils, mast cells, and B cells †¢ also expressed on endothelial cells, fibroblasts, surface epithelial cells, and muscle cell †¢ Signal transducing receptor for LPS, heat sensitive protein associated with the cell walls of MTB †¢ Together with CD14 shown to mediate responsiveness to the fusion (F) protein of RSVToll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) †¢ Involved in recognition of LTA and peptidoglycan from gram-positive bacteria, bacterial lipoproteins, mycoplasma lipoprot ein, mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan, a phenol-soluble modulin from S. epidermidis, zymosan of yeast cell walls, and lipoglycosylphosphotidylinositol T. cruzi †¢ Also shown to recognize two kinds of atypical LPS: L. interrogans and Porphyromonas gingivitis Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) Receptor for dsRNA †¢ Can mediate responses to poly(IC) †¢ Expressed on DCs, macrophages, and surface epithelial cells, including instestinal epithelium †¢ Also expressed in CD8+ DCs Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) †¢ Involved in viral recognition and both detect nucleic acids together with TLR9 †¢ Recognizes viral ssRNA (derived from RNA viruses); TLR9 (unmethylated DNA derived from DNA viruses) †¢ Expressed primarily on plasmacytoid dendritic cells †¢ Activated by small antiviral compunds, e. g. imiquinoid †¢TLR7-mediated recognition takes place inside the late lysosomes Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) †¢ Involved in the antiviral host defense; especially on r ecognition of DNA viruses (HSV) †¢ Expressed in type-I INF-producing plasmacytoid DCs Phagocytic Receptors †¢ Scavenger receptors – cell-surface glycoproteins that are defined by their ability to bind to modified LDL †¢ Macrophage Mannose Receptor (MR) – type I transmembrane protein expressed primarily in macrophages; involved in phagocytosis of bacterial (MTB, P. eruginosa, K. pneumonia), fungal (S. cerevisae, C. albicans), and protozoan pathogens (P. carinii) Cells of the Innate Immune System †¢ Macrophages – most central and essential functions and have multiple roles in host defense (e. i. â€Å"housekeeping functions†); in red pulp of the spleen, it phagocytose and remove from circulation senescent RBCs †¢ Neutrophils †¢ Mast Cells – best known effectors of allergic response; protective role is by rapid production of TNF-? nd leukotriene B4 (neutrophil recruitement) Cells of the Innate Immune System †¢ Eosino phils – found primarily in the respiratory, intestinal, and genitourinary tracts; contains cationic effector proteins toxic to parasitic worms; poor phagocytes †¢ Dendritic Cells – immature DCs reside in peripheral tissues and are highly active in macropinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis; expresses PRRs and TLRs; have roles in the initiation of adaptive immune response Cells of the Innate Immune System Suface Epithelium – lines the mucosal surfaces of the intestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts provide an important physical barrier The Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System The Major Categories of Antimicrobial Effector Enzymes that hydrolyze components of microbial cell walls Antimicrobial proteins and petides that disrupt the integrity of microbial cell walls †¢ Lysozyme †¢ Chitinases †¢ Phospholipase A2 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ BPI Defensins Cathelicidins Complement Eosinophil cationic protein Mi crobicidal serine proteasesProteins that sequester iron and zinc Enzymes that generate toxic oxygen and nitrogen derivatives †¢ Seprocidins †¢ Lactoferrin †¢ NRAMP †¢ calprotein †¢ Phagocytic oxidase †¢ Nitric oxide synthase †¢ myeloperoxidase The Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System †¢ Lysozyme – a. k. a. muramidase; degrades the peptidoglycan of some gram(+) bacteria; highly concentrated in secretions such as tears and saliva †¢ Chitinases – enzymes that degrade chitin; secreted by activated macrophages and presumably play a role in antifungal defenseThe Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System †¢ Defensins – cationic peptides with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities against gram(+) and gram(-) bacteria, fungi, parasites, and some envelope viruses; kill microorganisms by forming pores in the membranes; divided into ? – and ? defensins †¢ ? -defensins – presynthesize d and stored in granules of neutrophils and Paneth cells of the small intestine †¢ ? -defensins – produced by epithelial cells and not stored in cytoplasmic granulesThe Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System †¢ Cathelicidins – active against gram(+) and gram(-) bacteria and fungi; produced in neutrophils and stored as inactive proproteins in the secondary granules †¢ Serprocedins – comprise a family of cationic serine proteases with antimicrobial activity (neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, cathepsin G, and azurocidin); exert its antimicrobial activity by either perturbation of microbial membranes or by proteolysisThe Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System †¢ Lactoferrin, NRAMP, and Calprotectin – antimicrobial activities are due to the ability to sequester iron and zinc †¢ Lactoferrin – found in the secondary granules of neutrophils, in epithelial secretions (e. i. breast milk), in the intestinal epitheli um of infants, and in airway fluids; bacteriostatic (iron sequestration) and bacteriocidal (perturbation of microbial membranes) The Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System NRAMP (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein) – integral membrane protein that functions as an ion pump in the phagocytic vacuoles of macrophage and neutrophils †¢ Calprotectin – member of the family of calciumbinding proteins; microbial activity is by chelation and sequestration of zinc ion ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS †¢ Soluble factors which are normal constituents that increase or decrease rapidly as produ †¢ Not a function of a single defined physiologic system; rather, it is a product of multiple and diverse defense mechanisms

Pan Africanism and Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr. - 1161 Words

Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr was a Jamaican political leader who accomplished many things within his lifetime. He was a well-known publisher, entrepreneur, journalist, Black Nationalist, as well as Pan-Africanist. Pan Africanism is the idea that all African American people possess a common cultural legacy extending from Africa. In saying this, all African Americans should work together in maintaining the culture and removing expatriate power. Marcus Garvey was important because he aided in inspiring a mass movement amongst African Americans. Garvey make efforts to show African Americans economic empowerment meanwhile sharing the importance of taking part in politics and have greater impacts. Along with these many accomplishments, his biggest accomplishment was becoming the founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League in Jamaica. Garvey came to the United States in 1916 and launched the New York Division of the UNIA the following year. This association started off with merely thirteen members and exponentially grew to approximately 3500 members. Garvey has reached new heights of power within his career in the late 1920s when he headed an international convention in Liberty Hall, containing frequent delegates in attendance from 25 countries. Garvey also led a parade of over 50,000 throughout all of Harlem. Marcus Garvey travelled though many different places including a majority of C entral America, Europe, and the Caribbean where heShow MoreRelatedEssay On Marcus Garvey1022 Words   |  5 PagesMidterm Marcus Mosiah Garvey, the Visionary Roosevelt Hawkins, Jr Black Political Social History Dr. Luckett October 11, 2017 Roosevelt Hawkins Black Political and Social History Marcus Mosiah Garvey, the Visionary Who is arguably the father of 20th century Black Nationalism? Some may think of the leader W.E.B. Dubois or even Malcolm X as being the father. Truth be told, the term â€Å"Black Nationalism† boils down to one person. Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr is his name. He was the youngest